On the figurative use of numbers in Akkadian letters. Approximation, repetition, and exaggeration in iterative numerals

Résumé

This article investigates the figurative use of numbers in Akkadian letters from the Old to the Neo-Babylonian periods. Drawing on a corpus of over 60 examples, the study shows how numbers – particularly low iterative numerals (from one to ten) – are employed to convey approximation, repetition, and emphasis rather than exact quantities. Sequences such as “two times, three times” or “five times, six times” typically indicate vague frequencies and express reproach, anxiety, or proficiency. In contrast, round and large numbers – such as 100, 1000, or 3600 – are used hyperbolically in blessings and greetings, especially in hierarchical contexts, to amplify the sender’s goodwill or loyalty. The analysis highlights how social context shapes the pragmatic use of numbers, with more deferential tones toward superiors and more accusatory tones among peers or subordinates. Drawing on comparative linguistic research, the study highlights that this phenomenon is not unique to Akkadian but reflects broader patterns of numerical symbolism across languages. Ultimately, the article proposes that numbers in Akkadian letters function as rhetorical devices, enriching the expressive and communicative power of epistolary exchange.