Kirkuk, minorías étnicas y el fracaso del proceso de construcción estatal en Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi19.52Parole chiave:
Kurdos, Iraq, Gobierno Regional de Kurdistán, territorios en disputa, KirkukAbstract
La captura del Estado iraquí por una pequeña elite derivó en sucesivas rebeliones y convulsiones internas desde su formación y a lo largo del siglo XX. El desorden institucional del país y la multiplicidad de estructuras de poder superpuestas afectaron el proceso de toma de decisiones. Ambos procesos impidieron la formación de una identidad colectiva cívica vinculada al Estado y en su lugar reforzaron las lealtades locales. Sumado a esto, la continua injerencia externa profundizó las contradicciones y rivalidades internas. Grupos étnicos, como los kurdos, organizaron movimientos de resistencia en demanda de mayor representación política y autogobierno. El gobierno respondió reprimiendo las demandas y convirtiendo al estado en la representación de un poder despótico. El nacionalismo kurdo hizo de Kirkuk una pieza central de sus fundamentos políticos y la principal reivindicación frente a los diversos gobiernos iraquíes. El artículo argumenta que la disputa alrededor de Kirkuk, con su composición multiétnica, representa el principal fracaso de las elites iraquíes en sus intentos por construir una unidad política coherente. La invasión estadounidense posicionó a Kirkuk como el asunto central de la política kurda y el tema más delicado de la política iraquí, exacerbando el faccionalismo y la etnitización del discurso político.
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