Circuitos económicos informales

Juan Carlos Moreno García

doi:10.35305/cl.vi19.47

Autori

Juan Carlos Moreno García Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Francia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi19.47

Parole chiave:

artesanía, economía, mercaderes, nómades, comercio

Abstract

Aunque es habitual considerar la economía faraónica como rígidamente centralizada y controlada por el estado, en realidad los circuitos económicos dominados por la monarquía y las grandes instituciones coexistían con otros, informales. Descubrimientos arqueológicos recientes demuestran el volumen y el alcance de intercambios protagonizados por poblaciones costeras, pastores, pescadores, mercaderes itinerantes, etc., al margen de cualquier intervención del estado. De hecho, parece plausible que en ocasiones la política expansiva de algunos estados del Próximo Oriente (incluido Egipto) perseguía capturar estas lucrativas redes comerciales que escapaban a su control y así gravarlas y extraer un beneficio económico. En otros casos, sabemos de la existencia de producciones artesanales de calidad cuya producción no obedecía a la demanda de la monarquía o de grandes instituciones, sino a una demanda urbana y rural que alimentaba circuitos de producción complejos capaces de integrar, según las necesidades, talleres y unidades domésticas. Por último, también parece que los mercaderes constituyeron un sector importante de la vida productiva y urbana del Egipto faraónico, si bien las fuentes relativas a sus negocios, sobre todo privados, son sorprendentemente escasas.

Downloads

I dati di download non sono ancora disponibili.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...

Riferimenti bibliografici

Alemseged, Beldados Aleho et alii (2018) “Evidence of sorghum cultivation and introduced West Africa crops in the second millennium BCE at Kassala, Eastern Sudan”, in: Mercuri, A. M., D'Andrea, A. C., Fornaciari, R. y Höhn, A. (eds.), Plants and People in the African Past: Progress in African Archaeobotany. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 503‒528.

Allen, J. P. (2008) “The historical inscription of Khnumhotep at Dahshur: Preliminary report”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 352: 29‒39.

Avner, Uri (2014) “Egyptian Timna – Reconsidered”, in Tebes, J. M. (ed.), Unearthing the Wilderness. Studies on the History and Archaeology of the Negev and Edom in the Iron Age. Lovaina-París-Walpole, MA: Peeters, pp. 103–162.

Ayers, Natasha D. (2015) “Egyptian imitation of mycenaean pottery”, in: Kousoulis, P. y Lazaridis, N. (eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, 22-29 May 2008 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 241). Lovaina-París-Bristol, CT: Peeters, pp. 1935‒1949.

Biga, Maria-Giovanna y Steinkeller, Piotr (en prensa) “In search of Dugurasu”.

Boivin, Nicole (ed.)(2018) Globalization in Prehistory. Contact, Exchange, and the “People without History.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Boivin, Nicole y Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009) “Shell middens, ships and seeds: exploring coastal subsistence, maritime trade and the dispersal of domesticates in an around the ancient Arabian Peninsula”, Journal of World Prehistory 22(2): 113‒180.

Collon, Dominique (2008) “Cappadocia and the eastern Mediterranean”, in: Michel, C. (ed.), Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli (Old Assyrian Archives, Studies 4). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 91–100.

Collon, Dominique, Manuela Lehmann y Müller, Sandra E. (2012–2013) “Tell el Dab‛a sealings 2009–2011”, Ägypten und Levante 22–23: 95–104.

Cooney, Kathlyn M. (2007) The Cost of Death. The Social and Economic Value of Ancient Egyptian Funerary Art in the Ramesside Period. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Cooney, Kathlyn M. (2014) “Private sector tomb robbery and funerary arts reuse according to West Theban documentation”, in Toivari-Viitala, J., Vartiainen, T. y Uvanto, S. (ed.), Deir el-Medina Studies. Helsinki: Occasional Publications, pp. 16–28.

Dercksen, Jan G. (ed.) (1999) Trade ad Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia (MOS Studies 1). Leiden: NINO.

Diego Espinel, Andrés (2019) “‘Unusual herders’: Iconographic development, diffusion and meanings of dwarves, boys and lame and emaciated people as drovers from the Old Kingdom to the early Middle Kingdom”, in: Piacentini, P. y Delli Castelli, A. (eds.), Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology 7. Proceedings of the International Conference, Università degli Studi di Milano 3–7 July 2017 (EDAL 6). Milán: Pontremoli Editore, pp. 418–435.

Emberling, Geoff y Williams, Bruce (2010) “The kingdom of Kush in the 4th Cataract: archaeological salvage of the Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 2007 season. Part I: preliminary report on the sites of Hosh el-Guruf and El-Widay”, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum and Heritage Protection Fund African Reports 7: 17–38.

Emberling, Geoff et alii (2014) “Peripheral vision: identity at the margins of the early kingdom of Kush”, in Anderson, J. R. y Welsby, D. A. (eds.), The Fourth Cataract and Beyond. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. Lovaina-París-Walpole, MA: Peeters, pp. 329–336.

Farias, Paulo Fernando de Moraes (2013) “Bentyia (Kukyia): a Songhay–Mande meeting point, and a ‘missing link’ in the archaeology of the West African diasporas of traders, warriors, praisesingers, and clerics”, Afriques 4 (2013) https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/1174

Finkelstein, Israel et alii (2018) “The archaeology and history of the Negev and neighbouring areas in the Third Millennium BCE: A new paradigm”, Tel Aviv 45: 63‒88.

Fitzenreiter, Martin, Frank Willer y Johannes Auenmüller (2016) Materialen einer Gusswerkstatt von der Qubbet el-Hawa. Berlin: EB-Verlag Dr. Brandt.

Fuller, Dorian, Nicole Boivin, Tom Hoogervorst y Robin Allaby (2011) “Across the Indian Ocean: the prehistoric movement of plants and animals”, Antiquity 85: 544‒558.

Garfinkle, Steven J. (2012) Entrepreneurs and Enterprise in Early Mesopotamia. A Study of Three Archives from the Third Dynasty of Ur. Bethesda: CDL Press.

Gasperini, Valentina (2018) Tomb Robberies at the End of the New Kingdom. The Gurob Burnt Groups Reinterpreted. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gernez, Guillaume (2011) “The exchange of products and concepts between the Near East and the Mediterranean: The example of weapons during the Early and Middle Bronze Ages”, in Duistermaat, K. y Regulski; I. (eds.), Intercultural Contacts in the Ancient Mediterranean (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 202). Lovaina: Peeters, pp. 327–341.

Gnirs-Loprieno, Andrea M. (2000) Reading The Eloquent Peasant. Proceedings of the International Conference on The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant at the University of California, Los Angeles, March 27-30, 1997 (Lingua Ægyptia 8). Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag.

Goldwasser, Orly (2013) “Out of the mists of the alphabet — Redrawing the “brother of the ruler of Retenu”, Ägypten und Levante 22: 353‒374.

Gombert-Meurice, Florence (2019) “Thousands of Osiris: the archaeological contexts of the bronzes found in the temple of ‘Ayn Manawîr and at the Serapeum of Memphis”, in: Masson-Berghoff, A. (ed.), Statues in Context: Production, Meaning and (Re)uses (British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 10). Lovaina-París-Bristol, CT: Peeters, pp. 197‒207.

González Ruibal, Alfredo y de Torres, Jorge (2018) “The fair and the sanctuary: Gathering places in a nomadic landscape (Somaliland, 1000-1850 AD)”, World Archaeology 50 (1): 23‒40.

Grajetzki, Wolfram (2020) The People of the Cobra Province in Egypt: A Local History, 4500 to 1500 BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Grandet, Pierre (1994) Le Papyrus Harris I (BM 9999). El Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.

Hill, Marsha (2019) “Small divine statuettes: outfitting religion”, in: Masson-Berghoff, A. (ed.), Statues in Context: Production, Meaning and (Re)uses (British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 10). Lovaina-París-Bristol, CT: Peeters, pp. 37‒49.

Hodgkinson, Anna K. (2018) Technology and Urbanism in Late Bronze Age Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Holladay, John S. (2001) “Toward a new paradigmatic understanding of long-distance trade in the ancient Near East: From the Middle Bronze II to Early Iron II—A sketch”, in: Daviau, P. M. M. y Weigl, M. (eds.), The World of the Arameans. Studies in Language and Literature in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, vol. II. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 136–195.

Janssen, Jacob J. (1975) “Prolegomena to the study of Egypt’s economic history during the New Kingdom”, Studien zur altägyptische Kultur 3: 127–185.

Jursa, Michael et alii (2010) Aspects of the Economic History of Babylonia in the First Millennium BC: Economic Geography, Economic Mentalities, Agriculture, the Use of Money and the Problem of Economic Growth. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.

Jursa, Michael y Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2015) “The Ancient Near East and Egypt”, in Monson, A. y Scheidel, W. (eds.), Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015, pp. 115‒165.

Kanawati, Naguib y Evans, Linda (2014) Beni Hassan. Volume I: The Tomb of Khnumhotep II (Australian Centre for Egyptology Reports 36). Oxford: Aris and Phillips.

Kemp, Barry J. y Vogelsang-Eastwood, Gillian (2001) The Ancient Textile Industry at Amarna (Egypt Exploration Society ‒ Excavation Memoir 68). Londres: Egypt Exploration Society.

Kepinski, Christine (2007) “Mémoires d’Euphrate et d’Arabie, les tombes à tumulus, marqueurs territoriaux de communautés en voie de sédentarisation”, in Kepinski, Ch., Lecomte, O. y Tenu, A. (eds.), Studia euphratica. Le Moyen Euphrate iraquien révélé par les fouilles préventives de Haditha (Travaux de la Maison René-Ginouvès, 3). Paris: De Boccard, pp. 87–128.

Kleber, Kristin y Pirngruber, Reinhard (eds.) (2016) Silver, Money and Credit. A Tribute to Robartus J. van der Spek on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Louvain: Peeters.

Kraemer, Bryan y Liszka, Kate (2016) “Evidence for administration of the Nubian fortresses in the Late Middle Kingdom: The Semna dispatches”, Journal of Egyptian History 9: 1–65.

Larsen, Morgens T. (2015) Ancient Kanesh: A Merchant Colony in Bronze Anatolia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Lichtheim, Miriam (1976) Ancient Egyptian Literature. Volume II: The New Kingdom. Berkeley-Los Angeles-Londres: University of California Press.

Ling, Johan, Timothy Earle y Kristian Kristiansen (2018) “Maritime Mode of Production: Raiding and trading in seafaring chiefdoms”, Current Anthropology 59: 488–524.

Liszka, Kate (2017) “Egyptian or Nubian? Dry-stone architecture at Wadi el-Hudi, Wadi es-Sebuia, and the Eastern Desert”, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 103: 35–51.

Liszka, Kate y Kraemer, Bryan (2016) “Evidence for administration of the Nubian fortresses in the Late Middle Kingdom: P. Ramesseum 18”, Journal of Egyptian History 9: 151–208.

Marchi, Séverine (ed.) (2014) Les maisons-tour en Égypte durant la Basse Époque, les périodes ptolémaïque et romaine (Nehet 2). París: Université Paris-Sorbonne.

Meyer, Carol (2010) “The kingdom of Kush in the 4th Cataract: archaeological salvage of the Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 2007 season. Part II: grinding stones and gold mining at Hosh el-Guruf, Sudan”, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum and Heritage Protection Fund African Reports 7: 39–52.

Monroe, Christopher M. (2015) “Tangled up in blue: material and other relations of exchange in the Late Bronze Age world”, in: Howe, T. (ed.), Traders in the Ancient Mediterranean. Chicago: Association of Ancient Historians, pp. 7–46.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2013) “The limits of Pharaonic administration: patronage, informal authorities, mobile populations and ‘invisible’ social sectors”, in: Bárta, M. y Küllmer, H. (eds.), Diachronic Trends in Ancient Egyptian History: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Eva Pardey. Praga: Czech Institute of Egyptology, pp. 88–101.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2014) “Penser l’économie pharaonique”, Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales 69: 7–38.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2016) “Economies in transition: trade, “money”, labour and nomads at the turn of the 1st millennium BC”, in Moreno García, J. C. (ed.), Dynamics of Production in the Ancient Near East, 1300-500 BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 1–39.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2017) “Trade and power in ancient Egypt: Middle Egypt in the late third/early second millennium BC”, Journal of Archaeological Research 25: 87–132.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2018a) “Elusive ‘Libyans’: identities, lifestyles and mobile populations in NE Africa (late 4th – early 2nd millennium BC)”, Journal of Egyptian History 11: 145-182.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2018b) “Leather processing, castor oil, and desert/Nubian trade at the turn of the 3rd/2nd millennium BC: some speculative thoughts on Egyptian craftsmanship”, in Miniaci, G. et alii (eds.), The Arts of Making in Ancient Egypt: Voices, Images, Objects of Material Producers, 2000-1550 BC. Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 159–173.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2018c) “Divergent trajectories on the Nile: Polities, wealth and power between 4000-1600 BCE”, in Meller, H., Risch, R. y Gronenborn, D. (eds.), Surplus without State—Political forms in Prehistory (10. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag). Halle: Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale), pp. 337–372.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2019a) “Marketplaces, customs and hubs of trade in Bronze Age Egypt”, in Rahmstorf, L. y Stratford, E. (eds.), Weights and Marketplaces from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Period (Weight and Value 1). Kiel-Hamburg: Wachholz Verlag & Murmann Publishers, pp. 185–202.

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2019b) The State in Ancient Egypt: Power, Challenges and Dynamics. Londres-Nueva York: Bloomsbury.

Mumford, Gregory (2007) “Egypto-Levantine relations during the Iron Age to early Persian Period (Dynasties Late 20 to 26)”, in Schneider, T. y Szpakowska, K. M. (eds.), Egyptian Stories. A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of His Retirement. Münster, Ugarit Verlag, pp. 225–288.

Näser, Claudia (2012) “Nomads at the Nile: Towards and archaeology of interaction”, in Barnard, H. y Duistermaat, K. (eds.), The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 73). Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, pp. 81–92.

Parkinson, Richard B. (1997) The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, 1940-1640 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

P

Parkinson, Richard B. (2012) The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant: A Reader's Commentary. Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag.

Pilgrim, Cornelius von (1996) Untersuchungen in der Stadt des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit. Elephantine 18 (Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 91). Mainz am Rhein: Phillip von Zabern.

Quirke, Stephen y Tajeddin, Zahed (2010) “Mechanical reproduction in the age of the artwork? Faience and 5000 moulds from 14th-century BC Egypt”, Visual Communication 9: 341–362.

Redford, Donald B. (1997) “Textual sources for the Hyksos period”, in Oren, E. D. (ed.), The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, pp. 1–44.

Régen, Isabelle y Soukiassian, George (2008) Gebel el-Zeit II. Le matériel inscrit, Moyen Empire-Nouvel Empire. El Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.

Roccati, Alessandro (1986) “La stele di un falegname”, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Serie VIII, vol. XL, fasc. 5-6: 225‒233.

Rzeuska, T. (2014) “Cemetery PI in El-Ar Part II: Egyptian jar from tumulus 4”, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 11: 73–76.

Sherratt, Susan (2003) “The Mediterranean economy : ‘Globalization’ at the end of the second millennium B.C.E”, in Dever, W. G. y Gitin, S. (eds.), Symbiosis,

Symbolism and the Power of the Past. Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina. Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, pp. 37–62.

Sherratt, Susan (2012) “The intercultural transformative capacities of irregularly acquired goods”, in Maran, J. y Stockhammer, Ph. W. (ed.), Materiality and Social Practice. Transformative Capacities of Intercultural Encounters. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 152–172.

Simon, Zsolt (2017) “What did Taita import from Egypt? Hieroglyphic Luwian ASINUS2(A) reconsidered”, in Németh, B. (ed.), Now Behold my Spacious Kingdom: Studies Presented to Zoltán Imre Fábián on the Occasion of his 63th Birthday. Budapest: L'Harmattan Kiadó, pp. 317–330.

Steinkeller, Piotr (2004) “Toward a definition of private economic activity in third millennium Babylonia”, in Rollinger, R. y Ulf, Ch. (ed.), Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction (MELAMMU Symposia, 5). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 91–111.

Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005) Texts from the Pyramid Age. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

Tassie, Geoffrey J. (2018) “The Sinai connection from 10,000 to 2,000 BC”, in de Trafford, A., Tassie, G. J., el Daly, O. y van Wetering, J. (eds.), A River Runs Through It: Studies in Honour of Professor Fekri A. Hassan on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday. Volume One. Londres: Golden House Publications, pp. 133–178.

Tissot, Isabel et alii (2015) “A multi-analytical approach to gold in Ancient Egypt: Studies on provenance and corrosion”, Spectrochimica Acta Part B 108: 75–82.

Troalen, Lore et alii (2014) “Goldwork in Ancient Egypt: workshop practices at Qurneh in the 2nd Intermediate Period”, Journal of Archaeological Science 50: 219–226.

Van Driel, Govert (2002) Elusive Silver. In Search of a Role for a Market in an Agrarian Environment. Aspects of Mesopotamia’s Society. Leiden: NINO.

Van Neer, et alii (2004) “Fish remains from archaeological sites as indicators of former trade connections in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Paléorient 30: 101–147.

Warburton, David (2011) “What might the Bronze Age world system look like?”, in Wilkinson, T. C., Sherratt, S. y Bennet, J. (eds.), Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 120–134.

Warburton, David (2013) “Integration by price in the Bronze Age”, in Frenez, D. y Tosi, M. (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 2007. Volume I: Prehistoric Periods. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 287–296.

Winchell, Frank et alii (2018) “On the origins and dissemination of domesticated sorghum and pearl millet across Africa and into India: a view from the Butana Group of the far Eastern Sahel”, African Archaeological Review 35: 483–505.

Žába, Zbyněk (1974) The Rock Inscriptions of Lower Nubia. Czechoslovak Concession.