The nubāttu of Marduk

Zachary Rubin

doi:10.35305/cl.vi24.173

Autores/as

Zachary Rubin Shanghai Xing Wei College, China

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi24.173

Palabras clave:

Babilonia, Enūma eliš, Marduk, Calendario de culto, Anti-brujería

Resumen

Este artículo explora el término acadio nubāttu, traducido típicamente como «noche» o «pernoctación», y su significado evolutivo como ceremonia o día festivo a lo largo de la literatura cuneiforme. Si bien los textos hemerológicos suelen entender nubāttu como un día festivo ordinario en el calendario cultual babilónico, generalmente relacionado con el dios Marduk, su significado y trascendencia ritual varían ampliamente en el resto del corpus cuneiforme. Aparece por primera vez en los textos que describen rituales ad hoc para la realeza local de Ebla y Mari, en los que designa un campamento para los dioses. Un sentido similar se atestigua en los textos rituales babilónicos del primer milenio a.n.e., donde nubāttu designa un campamento nocturno destinado a las procesiones divinas de larga duración. En cambio, en los textos apotropaicos de anti-brujería como Maqlû, nubāttu alude a una fecha auspiciosa en el calendario dominada o hermanada con Marduk. Finalmente, Enūma eliš reinterpreta nubāttu como un nombre simbólico de Babilonia y su Festival de Año Nuevo. La evolución del significado y la importancia teológica de nubāttu refleja tendencias más amplias en la religión babilónica, que presenció el ascenso de Marduk a la supremacía del panteón y la centralización del culto desde Babilonia.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abusch, Tzvi (2015) The Witchcraft Series Maqlû. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt14bs6b9

Abusch, Tzvi (2016) The Magical Ceremony Maqlû: A Critical Edition. Leiden: Brill.

Abusch, Tzvi and Schwemer, Daniel (2010) Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals: Volume One. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004189133.i-617

Abusch, Tzvi and Schwemer, Daniel (2016) Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals: Volume Two. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004318557

Archi, Alfonso (2015) Ebla and Its Archives: Texts, History, and Society. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614517887

Bonechi, Marco (2003) “Leopards, Cauldrons, and a Beautiful Stone. Notes on Some Early Syrian Texts from Tell Beydar and Ebla.”, in: Marrassini, P. (ed.) Semitic and Assyriological Studies: Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli by Pupils and Colleagues. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 75–96.

Bonechi, Marco (2016) “A passive, and therefore prized, Bride. New Proposals for the Queen’s Wedding in the Ebla Royal Rituals”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 110: 53–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.110.0053

Charpin, Dominique (2007) “Chroniques bibliographiques. 10. Économie, société et institutions paléo-babylonienne: nouvelles sources, nouvelles approches”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 101: 147–182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.101.0147

Cole, Steven W. (1994) “The Crimes and Sacrileges of Nabû-šuma-iškun”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 84: 220–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1994.84.2.220

Debourse, Céline (2022) Of Priests and Kings: The Babylonian New Year Festival in the Last Age of Cuneiform Culture. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004513037

Debourse, Céline (2024) “Enuma Elish in Cult and Ritual Performance”, in: Haubold, J.; Helle, S.; Jiménez, E. and Wisnom, S. (eds.) Enuma Elish: The Babylonian Epic of Creation. London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 115–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350297425.ch-2

Debourse, Céline, and Gabbay, Uri (2024) “The Late Babylonian Series of ‘Ancient Sumerian’: Structure, Contents, and the Agency of Ritual Texts”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 114: 28–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/za-2024-0005

Driel, Govert van (1969) The Cult of Assur. Leiden: Brill.

Feliu, Lluís (2003) The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004496316

Fleming, Daniel E. (2000) Time at Emar: The Cultic Calendar and the Rituals from the Diviner’s Archive. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575065229

Fronzaroli, Pelio (1993) Testi rituali della regalità (Archivio L. 2769). Archivi reali di Ebla 11. Rome: Missione archeologica italiana in Siria.

Fronzaroli, Pelio (2012) “The Eblaic king’s supplication to the gods of the night (TM.75.G.756+771+815).” Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 106: 165–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.106.0165

Gabriel, Gösta (2014) enūma eliš - Weg zu einer globalen Weltordnung. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Gabriel, Gösta (2024) “Marduk’s Elevation: A Masterpiece of Political Thought”, in: Haubold, J.; Helle, S.; Jiménez, E. and Wisnom, S. (eds.) Enuma Elish: The Babylonian Epic of Creation. London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 181–197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350297425.ch-6

Geller, Markham J. (1985) Forerunners to Udug-Ḫul: Sumerian Exorcistic Incantations. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.

Geller, Markham J. (2011) “Šapattu”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 12: 25-27.

George, Andrew R. (2022) “Poem of Gilgameš.” Electronic Babylonian Library. https://www.ebl.lmu.de/corpus/L/1/4 .

Heinrich, Adrian Cornelius, and Helle, Sophus (2024) “Enuma Elish”, in: Haubold, J.; Helle, S.; Jiménez, E. and Wisnom, S. (eds.) Enuma Elish: The Babylonian Epic of Creation. London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 25–96.

Horowitz, Wayne and Wasserman, Nathan (1996) “Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 48: 57–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1359770

Hrůša, Ivan. (2010) Die akkadische Synonymenliste malku = šarru. Eine Textedition mit Übersetzung und Kommentar. Münster: Ugarit.

Jacquet, Antoine (2011) Florilegium marianum XII. Documents relatifs aux dépenses pour le culte. Paris: Société pour l’étude du Proche-Orient ancien.

Jastrow, Morris (1898) “The Original Character of the Hebrew Sabbath”, The American Journal of Theology 2: 312–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/476827

Jiménez, Enrique (2016) “Loose Threads of Tradition: Two Late Hemerological Compilations”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 68: 197–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.68.2016.0197

Jiménez, Enrique and Adalı, Selim (2015) “The ‘Prostration Hemerology’ Revisited. An Everyman’s Hemerology at the King’s Court”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 105: 154–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/za-2015-0025

Jursa, Michael (1995) Die Landwirtschaft in Sippar in Neubabylonischer Zeit. Vienna: Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien.

Kikuchi, Saki (2024) Mesopotamische Hemerologien und ihre gesellschaftliche Bedeutung. Münster: Zaphon, 2024.

Koch, Johannes (2003) “Neues vom Beschwörungstext BA 10/1, 81 No. 7 Rev. 1–8”, Die Welt des Orients 33: 89–99.

Kogan, Leonid and Krebernik, Manfred (eds.) (2020) Etymological Dictionary of Akkadian. Vol. 1/1: Roots beginning with P and B. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Kogan, Leonid (2021) “Eblaite”, en: Vita, J. P. (ed.) History of the Akkadian Language. Leiden: Brill, pp. 664–989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004445215_013

Krul, Julia (2018) The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004364943

Lambert, W. G. (2013) Babylonian Creation Myths. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575068619

Lambert, W. G. and Winters, Ryan D. (2023) An = Anum and Related Lists. God Lists of Ancient Mesopotamia, Volume I. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-161383-8

Landsberger, Benno (1915) Der kultische Kalender der Babylonier und Assyrer. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.

Levavi, Yuval (2017) “Four Middle-Babylonian Legal Documents Concerning Prison”, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale 111: 87–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.111.0087

Linssen, Marc J. H. (2004) The Cults of Uruk and Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047412335

Livingstone, Alasdair (1986) Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Livingstone, Alasdair (2013) Hemerologies of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Bethesda: CDL Press.

Marti, Lionel (2014) “Chroniques bibliographiques 16. Les hémérologies mésopotamiennes”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 108: 161–199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.108.0161

Meek, Theophile James (1914) “The Sabbath in the Old Testament: (Its Origin and Development)”, Journal of Biblical Literature 33: 201–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3260236

Michel, Patrick M. (2014) Le culte des pierres à Emar à l’époque Hittite. Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg.

Nakata, Ichiro (2011) “The God Itūr-Mēr in the Middle Euphrates Region during the Old Babylonian Period”, Revue d’Assyriologie 105: 129–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.105.0129

Pappi, Cinzia (2012) “Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg 20–25 July 2008”, in: Wilhelm, G. (ed,), Religion and Politics at the Divine Table: The Cultic Travels of Zimrī-Līm. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, pp. 579–590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxgx80.47

Paulus, Susanne (2014) Die babylonischen Kudurru-Inschriften von der kassitischen bis zur frühneubabylonischen Zeit. Untersucht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung gesellschafts- und rechtshistorischer Fragestellungen. Münster: Ugarit. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc2rnfp.8

Peterson, Jeremiah (2009) Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia. Münster: Ugarit.

Renzi-Sepe, Maria Teresa (2023) The Perception of the Pleiades in Mesopotamian Culture. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Reynolds, Frances (2019) A Babylonian Calendar Treatise: Scholars and Invaders in the Late First Millennium BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Richter, Thomas (2004) Untersuchungen zu den lokalen Panthea Süd und Mittelbabyloniens in Altbabylonischer Zeit. Münster: Ugarit.

Ristvet, Lauren. (2015) Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107588127

Rubin, Zachary (2023) “The Adoption of Nabû and Tašmētu into the Babylonian Pantheon”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 23: 166–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341340

Sallaberger, Walther (2018) “Kura, Youthful Ruler and Martial City-God of Ebla”, in: Matthiae, p.; Pinnock, F. and D’Andrea, M. (eds.), Ebla and Beyond. Ancient Near Eastern Studies after Fifty Years of Discoveries at Tell Mardikh. Proceedings of the International Congress Held in Rome, 15th‒17th December 2014. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 107–139.

Sasson, Jack M. (2001) “Ancestors Divine?”, in: van Soldt, W. (ed.), Veenhof Anniversary Volume: Studies Presented to Klaas R. Veenhof on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 413–428

Schwemer, Daniel (2001) Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen. Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Schwemer, Daniel (2008) “The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies. Part 1”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 7: 121–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156921207783876404

Scurlock, JoAnn (2020) “Feasting in the Garden of God”, in: Scurlock, J. and Beal, R. H. (eds.), What Difference Does Time Make? Papers from the Ancient and Islamic Middle East and China in Honor of the 100th Anniversary of the Midwest Branch of the American Oriental Society. Bicester: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, pp. 44–76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwh8bt8.9

Seri, Andrea. (2006) “The Fifty Names of Marduk in Enūma Eliš”, Journal of American Oriental Society 126:507–519.

Simons, Frank (2019) “Burn Your Way to Success: Studies in the Mesopotamian Ritual and Incantation Series Šurpu”, PhD Dissertation, University of Birmingham.

Smith, George (1871) History of Assurbanipal, Translated from the Cuneiform Inscriptions. London: Williams and Norgate.

SooHoo, Anthony (2024) “Lament and Hope in Ludlul Bēl Nēmeqi”, Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Eastern Research 4: 13–74.

Steinmetzer, Franz Xaver (1909) Die Schenkungsurkunde des Königs Melišihu an seinen Sohn Marduk-aplam-iddina: Umschrift, Übersetzung und Erklärung in Zusammenhang mit den übrigen sogen. Leipzig: Heinrichs.

Streck, Michael P. (2017) “The Terminology for Times of the Day in Akkadian”, in: Heffron, Y.; Stone, A. and Worthington, m. (eds.) At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 583–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575064741-040

Streck, Michael (2022) Old Babylonian Grammar. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004498990_002

Suchard, Benjamin D. (2023) “Review of Kogan, Leonid / Krebernik, Manfred (Hg.): Etymological Dictionary of Akkadian. Volume 1: Roots beginning with P and B. Preface, Introduction and Dictionary. Symbols, Abbreviations, Indexes, Bibliography. Unter Mitarbeit von Oleg Linkohr, Rim Nurullin und Olga I. Sęk. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2020. VI/VIII, 767 S. 4°. Hardbd. € 149,95. ISBN 978-1-61451-305-6”, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 118: 8–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2023-0003

Tallqvist, Knut (1938) Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica.

Tenney, Jonathan S. (2016) “The Elevation of Marduk Revisited: Festivals and Sacrifices at Nippur during the High Kassite Period”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 68: 153–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.68.2016.0153

Ungnad, Arthur (1909) Urkunden aus Dilbat: nebst einem Anhang: die Lücke in der Gesetzstele Hammurapis. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs

Veldhuis, Niek (2014) History of the Cuneiform Lexical Tradition. Münster: Ugarit.

Waerzeggers, Caroline (2010) The Ezida Temple of Borsippa: Priesthood, Cult, Archives. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.

Waetzoldt, Hartmut (2001) Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungstexte aus Ebla, Archiv L. 2769. Rome: Università degli studi “La Sapienza.”

Wasserman, Nathan (2003) Style and Form in Old Babylonian Literary Texts. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004496668

Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, and Westenholz, Aage (2006) Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem: The Old Babylonian Inscriptions. Leiden: Brill - Styx. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047408383

Wiseman, Donald J. (1969) “A Lipšur Litany from Nimrud”, Iraq 31: 175–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4199881

Zimmermann, Lynn-Salammbô (2023) “Knocking on Wood: Writing Boards in the Kassite Administration”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 10: 177–237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2023-0010